This wide-ranging work confronts the complex question of nationalism in France in its various permutations myths, obsessions, possibilities, and dangers. French nationalism has always been a double-edged sword, from its beginnings in the French Revolution through the two Napoleonic empires, Boulangism, the Dreyfus affair, the fascist groups of the 1930 s, Marshal Petain s National Revolution during World War II, and its latest contemporary incarnation in Jean-Marie Le Pen s National Front. The author distinguishes between an open nationalism, based on the revolutionary values of liberty and equality for all, and closed nationalism, which is xenophobic and, more particularly, antisemitic. He studies not only governments and political figures Napoleon, Louis Napoleon, Marshal Petain, and General de Gaulle but also the myths associated with nationalism. These myths are captured in newspaper articles (the charity bazaar fire of 1897), in literature (Huysmans, Celine), and in the writings of insurgents (Edouard Drumont, Jules Guerin). The author pays particular attention to French national socialism, which wanted to transcend the categories of left and right in order to unite workers and owners under the banner of a providential leader, but which inevitably scapegoated the Jews. In tracing the history of closed nationalism and its need for a providential man, the author also sheds new light on the relation between socialism and fascism in France, most recently brought to the fore by the Mitterand government in the 1980s.