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Description - Politics from Above, Politics from Below by Eberhard Kienle

Even today economic liberalization is widely supposed to replace the tyranny of the state with the freedom of the individual and, therefore, the uniformity of politics from above with the liveliness and colour of politics from below. Analysing developments in the Middle East, this book arrives at far less reassuring conclusions: that economic liberalization has failed to entail the continuous growth and widespread welfare gains expected by its proponents. By emphasizing privatisation and crony capitalism rather than markets, it has also failed to decentralize and democratise the allocation of resources, be they material or symbolic, and to enable individuals to participate meaningfully in the production of social norms.

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